• Complex systems broken down into sub-systems.
• Identify sub-systems in circuit diagrams.

Also known as an Inverter.

NAND - AND with inverted output.

NOR - OR with inverted output.

• Truth Tables

- every combination of inputs.

Commutative Laws:

Associative Laws:

Distributive Law:

De Morgan's theorem:

• Voltage - V

- ACROSS object - Volts

• Current - I

- THROUGH object - Amps

• Power = V × I   Watts
• Resistance = V / I   Ohms

• Series

- Current is the same
- Voltage is shared

• Parallel

- Current is the shared
- Voltage is the same

• In Series

• In Parallel

• Colour Code
• BS1852
• Preferred values
• Tolerance

• Conventional current flow.
• Current passes in one direction.
• 0.7V to forward biased Si diode.

• Find the voltage across R.
• Note the maximum current through the LED.
• Calculate R.
• Choose the next largest preferred value.

• Maximum power of the zener?
• Calculate the maximum current.
• Calculate the voltage across R.
• Calculate R.
• Use the next largest preferred value.

- as light level increases,
the resistance decreases
- Log-log graphs.

- As the temperature increases,
- the resistance decreases.
- Log-lin graphs.

This formula is NOT on the data sheet!

Motor,
Relay,
Solenoid.

• Use protection diode with inductive devices.
• To remove large induced voltage.
• Diode protects semiconductor when the device is switched OFF

Properties

• Differential amplifier
• Large input resistance ≈10⁹Ω
• Large open-loop voltage gain, A, ≈10⁶
• Low output resistance ≈100Ω
• Frequency compensated
• Gain-bandwidth product